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4x laemmli sds loading buffer  (Thermo Fisher)


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    Structured Review

    Thermo Fisher 4x laemmli sds loading buffer
    4x Laemmli Sds Loading Buffer, supplied by Thermo Fisher, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 99/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/4x+sds+loading+buffer/Laemmli+SDS+sample+buffer%2C+reducing/pm41518859-77-16-21
    Average 99 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    4x laemmli sds loading buffer - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
    99/100 stars

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    Related Articles

    Staining:

    Article Title: Gabapentin Inhibits Multiple Steps in the Amyloid Beta Toxicity Cascade.
    Article Snippet: Oligomeric β amyloid peptide (Aβ) is one of the main neurotoxic agents of Alzheimer ́s disease (AD).. Oligomers associate to neuronal membranes forming “pore-like” structures that cause intracellular calcium and neurotransmitter dyshomeostasis, leading to synaptic failure and death.. Through molecular screening targeting the C terminal region of Aβ, a region involved in the toxic properties of the peptide, we detected an FDA approved compound, gabapentin (GBP), with neuroprotective effects against Aβ toxicity.

    Article Title: Diverse plant RNAs coat Arabidopsis leaves and are distinct from apoplastic RNAs
    Article Snippet: .. For immunoblots, 30 μL of resuspended pellets were combined with 10 μL of 4X SDS loading buffer (250-mM Tris–HCl, pH 6.8, 8% (w/v) sodium dodecyl sulfate, 40% (v/v) glycerol, 20% 2-mercaptoethanol and 0.004% (w/v) bromophenol blue) and were then denatured at 95 °C for 5 min. Then, 40 μL of each sample was loaded onto stain-free gradient gels (4–20% Precise Protein Gels, Thermo Scientific) and separated at 150 V for 1 h in 1X TBS electrophoresis running buffer (24.8 mM Tris base, 0.1% (w/v) sodium dodecyl sulfate, 192 mM glycine, pH 8.3). .. The resolved proteins were visualized using the Bio-Rad ChemiDoc imaging system.

    Silver Staining:

    Article Title: Gabapentin Inhibits Multiple Steps in the Amyloid Beta Toxicity Cascade.
    Article Snippet: Oligomeric β amyloid peptide (Aβ) is one of the main neurotoxic agents of Alzheimer ́s disease (AD).. Oligomers associate to neuronal membranes forming “pore-like” structures that cause intracellular calcium and neurotransmitter dyshomeostasis, leading to synaptic failure and death.. Through molecular screening targeting the C terminal region of Aβ, a region involved in the toxic properties of the peptide, we detected an FDA approved compound, gabapentin (GBP), with neuroprotective effects against Aβ toxicity.

    Incubation:

    Article Title: Rieske FeS overexpression in tobacco provides increased abundance and activity of Cytochrome b 6 f
    Article Snippet: .. The clear supernatants were supplemented with 4x SDS-loading buffer (200 mM Tris-HCl, pH 6.8, 0.8% w/v SDS, 40% glycerol, 50 mM EDTA, 10% β-mercaptoethanol, 0.08% bromophenol blue), incubated at 65 °C for 10 minutes and loaded on leaf area basis on pre-cast polyacrylamide gels [Nu-PAGE 4–12% Bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)-amino-tris(hydroxymethyl)-methane (Bis-Tris) gel, Invitrogen, Life Technologies Corporation, Carlsbad, CA, USA]. ..

    Western Blot:

    Article Title: Diverse plant RNAs coat Arabidopsis leaves and are distinct from apoplastic RNAs
    Article Snippet: .. For immunoblots, 30 μL of resuspended pellets were combined with 10 μL of 4X SDS loading buffer (250-mM Tris–HCl, pH 6.8, 8% (w/v) sodium dodecyl sulfate, 40% (v/v) glycerol, 20% 2-mercaptoethanol and 0.004% (w/v) bromophenol blue) and were then denatured at 95 °C for 5 min. Then, 40 μL of each sample was loaded onto stain-free gradient gels (4–20% Precise Protein Gels, Thermo Scientific) and separated at 150 V for 1 h in 1X TBS electrophoresis running buffer (24.8 mM Tris base, 0.1% (w/v) sodium dodecyl sulfate, 192 mM glycine, pH 8.3). .. The resolved proteins were visualized using the Bio-Rad ChemiDoc imaging system.

    Electrophoresis:

    Article Title: Diverse plant RNAs coat Arabidopsis leaves and are distinct from apoplastic RNAs
    Article Snippet: .. For immunoblots, 30 μL of resuspended pellets were combined with 10 μL of 4X SDS loading buffer (250-mM Tris–HCl, pH 6.8, 8% (w/v) sodium dodecyl sulfate, 40% (v/v) glycerol, 20% 2-mercaptoethanol and 0.004% (w/v) bromophenol blue) and were then denatured at 95 °C for 5 min. Then, 40 μL of each sample was loaded onto stain-free gradient gels (4–20% Precise Protein Gels, Thermo Scientific) and separated at 150 V for 1 h in 1X TBS electrophoresis running buffer (24.8 mM Tris base, 0.1% (w/v) sodium dodecyl sulfate, 192 mM glycine, pH 8.3). .. The resolved proteins were visualized using the Bio-Rad ChemiDoc imaging system.



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    a , Domain architecture of RAP80 and ARISC constructs. FL, full-length; SIM, small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)-interacting motif; UIM, ubiquitin-interacting motif; AIR, Abraxas1-interacting region; ZnF, zinc finger; MPN, Mpr1, Pad1 N-terminal; CC, coiled coil; UEV, ubiquitin E2 variant; vWFA, von Willebrand factor type A ( left ). Schematics of indicated complexes ( right ). b <t>,</t> <t>SDS-PAGE</t> analysis of ARISC, ARISC–RAP80, and ARISC–RAP80 AIR. c , K63-linked ubiquitin chains (1 µM) were incubated with ARISC or ARISC–RAP80 (5 nM) for the indicated time points. Cleavage activity was analysed by SDS-PAGE and silver staining. Data are representative of two independent experiments. d , K63-Ub2, -Ub4, and - Ub7 chains (1 µM) were incubated with ARISC, ARISC–RAP80, or ARISC–RAP80 AIR (5 nM) for the indicated time points. Cleavage activity was analysed as in c . Data are representative of three independent experiments. e , Schematics ( left ) and SDS-PAGE analysis ( right ) of indicated complexes. dStrepII, double StrepII tag. * indicates Abraxas1 degradation product. f , Alexa-Fluor 488 (AF488) labelled distally (AF488- Cys Ub4 K63R ) blocked K63-Ub4 chains (1.5 µM) were incubated with ARISC–RAP80, ARISC–RAP80 ΔUIMs, or ARISC–RAP80 ΔZnF (10 nM) for the indicated time points. Cleavage activity was analysed by SDS-PAGE and fluorescence scanning ( left ; see Methods ). The disappearance of the K63-Ub4 parent band was quantified using densitometry, and plotted as fraction of substrate consumed (%). Data points are mean ± SEM of two independent experiments ( right ). g , Cyclical and linear K63-Ub5 chains (2 µM) were incubated with ARISC or ARISC–RAP80 (10 nM) for the indicated time points. Cleavage activity was analysed by SDS-PAGE and Oriole staining. Data are representative of two independent experiments. Ub, ubiquitin; DUB, deubiquitylating enzyme. * indicates lower molecular weight ubiquitin species.
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    a , Domain architecture of RAP80 and ARISC constructs. FL, full-length; SIM, small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)-interacting motif; UIM, ubiquitin-interacting motif; AIR, Abraxas1-interacting region; ZnF, zinc finger; MPN, Mpr1, Pad1 N-terminal; CC, coiled coil; UEV, ubiquitin E2 variant; vWFA, von Willebrand factor type A ( left ). Schematics of indicated complexes ( right ). b <t>,</t> <t>SDS-PAGE</t> analysis of ARISC, ARISC–RAP80, and ARISC–RAP80 AIR. c , K63-linked ubiquitin chains (1 µM) were incubated with ARISC or ARISC–RAP80 (5 nM) for the indicated time points. Cleavage activity was analysed by SDS-PAGE and silver staining. Data are representative of two independent experiments. d , K63-Ub2, -Ub4, and - Ub7 chains (1 µM) were incubated with ARISC, ARISC–RAP80, or ARISC–RAP80 AIR (5 nM) for the indicated time points. Cleavage activity was analysed as in c . Data are representative of three independent experiments. e , Schematics ( left ) and SDS-PAGE analysis ( right ) of indicated complexes. dStrepII, double StrepII tag. * indicates Abraxas1 degradation product. f , Alexa-Fluor 488 (AF488) labelled distally (AF488- Cys Ub4 K63R ) blocked K63-Ub4 chains (1.5 µM) were incubated with ARISC–RAP80, ARISC–RAP80 ΔUIMs, or ARISC–RAP80 ΔZnF (10 nM) for the indicated time points. Cleavage activity was analysed by SDS-PAGE and fluorescence scanning ( left ; see Methods ). The disappearance of the K63-Ub4 parent band was quantified using densitometry, and plotted as fraction of substrate consumed (%). Data points are mean ± SEM of two independent experiments ( right ). g , Cyclical and linear K63-Ub5 chains (2 µM) were incubated with ARISC or ARISC–RAP80 (10 nM) for the indicated time points. Cleavage activity was analysed by SDS-PAGE and Oriole staining. Data are representative of two independent experiments. Ub, ubiquitin; DUB, deubiquitylating enzyme. * indicates lower molecular weight ubiquitin species.
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    a , Domain architecture of RAP80 and ARISC constructs. FL, full-length; SIM, small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)-interacting motif; UIM, ubiquitin-interacting motif; AIR, Abraxas1-interacting region; ZnF, zinc finger; MPN, Mpr1, Pad1 N-terminal; CC, coiled coil; UEV, ubiquitin E2 variant; vWFA, von Willebrand factor type A ( left ). Schematics of indicated complexes ( right ). b <t>,</t> <t>SDS-PAGE</t> analysis of ARISC, ARISC–RAP80, and ARISC–RAP80 AIR. c , K63-linked ubiquitin chains (1 µM) were incubated with ARISC or ARISC–RAP80 (5 nM) for the indicated time points. Cleavage activity was analysed by SDS-PAGE and silver staining. Data are representative of two independent experiments. d , K63-Ub2, -Ub4, and - Ub7 chains (1 µM) were incubated with ARISC, ARISC–RAP80, or ARISC–RAP80 AIR (5 nM) for the indicated time points. Cleavage activity was analysed as in c . Data are representative of three independent experiments. e , Schematics ( left ) and SDS-PAGE analysis ( right ) of indicated complexes. dStrepII, double StrepII tag. * indicates Abraxas1 degradation product. f , Alexa-Fluor 488 (AF488) labelled distally (AF488- Cys Ub4 K63R ) blocked K63-Ub4 chains (1.5 µM) were incubated with ARISC–RAP80, ARISC–RAP80 ΔUIMs, or ARISC–RAP80 ΔZnF (10 nM) for the indicated time points. Cleavage activity was analysed by SDS-PAGE and fluorescence scanning ( left ; see Methods ). The disappearance of the K63-Ub4 parent band was quantified using densitometry, and plotted as fraction of substrate consumed (%). Data points are mean ± SEM of two independent experiments ( right ). g , Cyclical and linear K63-Ub5 chains (2 µM) were incubated with ARISC or ARISC–RAP80 (10 nM) for the indicated time points. Cleavage activity was analysed by SDS-PAGE and Oriole staining. Data are representative of two independent experiments. Ub, ubiquitin; DUB, deubiquitylating enzyme. * indicates lower molecular weight ubiquitin species.
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    a , Domain architecture of RAP80 and ARISC constructs. FL, full-length; SIM, small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)-interacting motif; UIM, ubiquitin-interacting motif; AIR, Abraxas1-interacting region; ZnF, zinc finger; MPN, Mpr1, Pad1 N-terminal; CC, coiled coil; UEV, ubiquitin E2 variant; vWFA, von Willebrand factor type A ( left ). Schematics of indicated complexes ( right ). b <t>,</t> <t>SDS-PAGE</t> analysis of ARISC, ARISC–RAP80, and ARISC–RAP80 AIR. c , K63-linked ubiquitin chains (1 µM) were incubated with ARISC or ARISC–RAP80 (5 nM) for the indicated time points. Cleavage activity was analysed by SDS-PAGE and silver staining. Data are representative of two independent experiments. d , K63-Ub2, -Ub4, and - Ub7 chains (1 µM) were incubated with ARISC, ARISC–RAP80, or ARISC–RAP80 AIR (5 nM) for the indicated time points. Cleavage activity was analysed as in c . Data are representative of three independent experiments. e , Schematics ( left ) and SDS-PAGE analysis ( right ) of indicated complexes. dStrepII, double StrepII tag. * indicates Abraxas1 degradation product. f , Alexa-Fluor 488 (AF488) labelled distally (AF488- Cys Ub4 K63R ) blocked K63-Ub4 chains (1.5 µM) were incubated with ARISC–RAP80, ARISC–RAP80 ΔUIMs, or ARISC–RAP80 ΔZnF (10 nM) for the indicated time points. Cleavage activity was analysed by SDS-PAGE and fluorescence scanning ( left ; see Methods ). The disappearance of the K63-Ub4 parent band was quantified using densitometry, and plotted as fraction of substrate consumed (%). Data points are mean ± SEM of two independent experiments ( right ). g , Cyclical and linear K63-Ub5 chains (2 µM) were incubated with ARISC or ARISC–RAP80 (10 nM) for the indicated time points. Cleavage activity was analysed by SDS-PAGE and Oriole staining. Data are representative of two independent experiments. Ub, ubiquitin; DUB, deubiquitylating enzyme. * indicates lower molecular weight ubiquitin species.
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    a , Domain architecture of RAP80 and ARISC constructs. FL, full-length; SIM, small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)-interacting motif; UIM, ubiquitin-interacting motif; AIR, Abraxas1-interacting region; ZnF, zinc finger; MPN, Mpr1, Pad1 N-terminal; CC, coiled coil; UEV, ubiquitin E2 variant; vWFA, von Willebrand factor type A ( left ). Schematics of indicated complexes ( right ). b <t>,</t> <t>SDS-PAGE</t> analysis of ARISC, ARISC–RAP80, and ARISC–RAP80 AIR. c , K63-linked ubiquitin chains (1 µM) were incubated with ARISC or ARISC–RAP80 (5 nM) for the indicated time points. Cleavage activity was analysed by SDS-PAGE and silver staining. Data are representative of two independent experiments. d , K63-Ub2, -Ub4, and - Ub7 chains (1 µM) were incubated with ARISC, ARISC–RAP80, or ARISC–RAP80 AIR (5 nM) for the indicated time points. Cleavage activity was analysed as in c . Data are representative of three independent experiments. e , Schematics ( left ) and SDS-PAGE analysis ( right ) of indicated complexes. dStrepII, double StrepII tag. * indicates Abraxas1 degradation product. f , Alexa-Fluor 488 (AF488) labelled distally (AF488- Cys Ub4 K63R ) blocked K63-Ub4 chains (1.5 µM) were incubated with ARISC–RAP80, ARISC–RAP80 ΔUIMs, or ARISC–RAP80 ΔZnF (10 nM) for the indicated time points. Cleavage activity was analysed by SDS-PAGE and fluorescence scanning ( left ; see Methods ). The disappearance of the K63-Ub4 parent band was quantified using densitometry, and plotted as fraction of substrate consumed (%). Data points are mean ± SEM of two independent experiments ( right ). g , Cyclical and linear K63-Ub5 chains (2 µM) were incubated with ARISC or ARISC–RAP80 (10 nM) for the indicated time points. Cleavage activity was analysed by SDS-PAGE and Oriole staining. Data are representative of two independent experiments. Ub, ubiquitin; DUB, deubiquitylating enzyme. * indicates lower molecular weight ubiquitin species.
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    Image Search Results


    a , Domain architecture of RAP80 and ARISC constructs. FL, full-length; SIM, small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)-interacting motif; UIM, ubiquitin-interacting motif; AIR, Abraxas1-interacting region; ZnF, zinc finger; MPN, Mpr1, Pad1 N-terminal; CC, coiled coil; UEV, ubiquitin E2 variant; vWFA, von Willebrand factor type A ( left ). Schematics of indicated complexes ( right ). b , SDS-PAGE analysis of ARISC, ARISC–RAP80, and ARISC–RAP80 AIR. c , K63-linked ubiquitin chains (1 µM) were incubated with ARISC or ARISC–RAP80 (5 nM) for the indicated time points. Cleavage activity was analysed by SDS-PAGE and silver staining. Data are representative of two independent experiments. d , K63-Ub2, -Ub4, and - Ub7 chains (1 µM) were incubated with ARISC, ARISC–RAP80, or ARISC–RAP80 AIR (5 nM) for the indicated time points. Cleavage activity was analysed as in c . Data are representative of three independent experiments. e , Schematics ( left ) and SDS-PAGE analysis ( right ) of indicated complexes. dStrepII, double StrepII tag. * indicates Abraxas1 degradation product. f , Alexa-Fluor 488 (AF488) labelled distally (AF488- Cys Ub4 K63R ) blocked K63-Ub4 chains (1.5 µM) were incubated with ARISC–RAP80, ARISC–RAP80 ΔUIMs, or ARISC–RAP80 ΔZnF (10 nM) for the indicated time points. Cleavage activity was analysed by SDS-PAGE and fluorescence scanning ( left ; see Methods ). The disappearance of the K63-Ub4 parent band was quantified using densitometry, and plotted as fraction of substrate consumed (%). Data points are mean ± SEM of two independent experiments ( right ). g , Cyclical and linear K63-Ub5 chains (2 µM) were incubated with ARISC or ARISC–RAP80 (10 nM) for the indicated time points. Cleavage activity was analysed by SDS-PAGE and Oriole staining. Data are representative of two independent experiments. Ub, ubiquitin; DUB, deubiquitylating enzyme. * indicates lower molecular weight ubiquitin species.

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: Mechanism of K63-linked polyubiquitin recognition and cleavage by the BRCA1-A complex

    doi: 10.64898/2026.06.05.730395

    Figure Lengend Snippet: a , Domain architecture of RAP80 and ARISC constructs. FL, full-length; SIM, small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)-interacting motif; UIM, ubiquitin-interacting motif; AIR, Abraxas1-interacting region; ZnF, zinc finger; MPN, Mpr1, Pad1 N-terminal; CC, coiled coil; UEV, ubiquitin E2 variant; vWFA, von Willebrand factor type A ( left ). Schematics of indicated complexes ( right ). b , SDS-PAGE analysis of ARISC, ARISC–RAP80, and ARISC–RAP80 AIR. c , K63-linked ubiquitin chains (1 µM) were incubated with ARISC or ARISC–RAP80 (5 nM) for the indicated time points. Cleavage activity was analysed by SDS-PAGE and silver staining. Data are representative of two independent experiments. d , K63-Ub2, -Ub4, and - Ub7 chains (1 µM) were incubated with ARISC, ARISC–RAP80, or ARISC–RAP80 AIR (5 nM) for the indicated time points. Cleavage activity was analysed as in c . Data are representative of three independent experiments. e , Schematics ( left ) and SDS-PAGE analysis ( right ) of indicated complexes. dStrepII, double StrepII tag. * indicates Abraxas1 degradation product. f , Alexa-Fluor 488 (AF488) labelled distally (AF488- Cys Ub4 K63R ) blocked K63-Ub4 chains (1.5 µM) were incubated with ARISC–RAP80, ARISC–RAP80 ΔUIMs, or ARISC–RAP80 ΔZnF (10 nM) for the indicated time points. Cleavage activity was analysed by SDS-PAGE and fluorescence scanning ( left ; see Methods ). The disappearance of the K63-Ub4 parent band was quantified using densitometry, and plotted as fraction of substrate consumed (%). Data points are mean ± SEM of two independent experiments ( right ). g , Cyclical and linear K63-Ub5 chains (2 µM) were incubated with ARISC or ARISC–RAP80 (10 nM) for the indicated time points. Cleavage activity was analysed by SDS-PAGE and Oriole staining. Data are representative of two independent experiments. Ub, ubiquitin; DUB, deubiquitylating enzyme. * indicates lower molecular weight ubiquitin species.

    Article Snippet: Reactions were stopped with the addition of 3 μL 4x SDS-PAGE loading dye [240 mM Tris-HCl pH 6.8, 40% (v/v) glycerol, 8% (w/v) SDS, 0.04% (w/v) bromophenol blue, and 5% (v/v) β-Mercaptoethanol], and products were separated on 4-12% or 12% Nu-PAGE Bis-Tris gels (Invitrogen).

    Techniques: Construct, Ubiquitin Proteomics, Variant Assay, SDS Page, Incubation, Activity Assay, Silver Staining, Fluorescence, Staining, Molecular Weight

    a , K63-Ub2, -Ub4, and -Ub7 chains (1 µM) were incubated with ARISC WT or the indicated ARISC variants (5 nM) for 60 minutes. Cleavage activity was analysed by SDS-PAGE and silver staining. Data are representative of two independent experiments. b, SDS-PAGE analysis of ARISC(E33A)–RAP80, ARISC(E33A) BRCC36(S98K) –RAP80, ARISC(E33A) Abraxas1(Δ42-55) –RAP80, and ARISC(E33A) BRCC45(ΔLoop) –RAP80. dStrepII, double StrepII tag. * indicates Abraxas1 degradation product. c, Spectral shift assays measuring binding of labelled ARISC(E33A)–RAP80 or the indicated mutant complexes (40 nM) to cyclical K63-Ub6 chains (20 µM-0 µM). Data points are mean ± SEM of two independent experiments carried out in technical duplicates. Dissociation constants (K d ) are indicated; CI, confidence interval. d, Representative images of WT or mutants BRCC36 IRIF in HT-29 cells 4 h post irradiation (10 Gy). Scale bar is 10 µm. e, Western blots showing BRCC36 protein levels in HT-29 cells reconstituted with WT or mutants BRCC36 as indicated (l eft ). Scatter plot showing quantification of the BRCC36 IRIF described in d . Data represent mean ± SEM derived from n ≥ 300 nuclei examined over two independent experiments; p values are indicated, unpaired two-tailed t test ( right ). f, K63-Ub2, -Ub4, and -Ub7 chains (1 µM) were incubated with ARISC WT or ARISC Δ42-55 (Abraxas1 Δ42-55) (5 nM) for up to 60 minutes. Cleavage activity was analysed as in a . Data are representative of two independent experiments. DUB, deubiquitylating enzyme; WT, wild type; Ub, ubiquitin.

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: Mechanism of K63-linked polyubiquitin recognition and cleavage by the BRCA1-A complex

    doi: 10.64898/2026.06.05.730395

    Figure Lengend Snippet: a , K63-Ub2, -Ub4, and -Ub7 chains (1 µM) were incubated with ARISC WT or the indicated ARISC variants (5 nM) for 60 minutes. Cleavage activity was analysed by SDS-PAGE and silver staining. Data are representative of two independent experiments. b, SDS-PAGE analysis of ARISC(E33A)–RAP80, ARISC(E33A) BRCC36(S98K) –RAP80, ARISC(E33A) Abraxas1(Δ42-55) –RAP80, and ARISC(E33A) BRCC45(ΔLoop) –RAP80. dStrepII, double StrepII tag. * indicates Abraxas1 degradation product. c, Spectral shift assays measuring binding of labelled ARISC(E33A)–RAP80 or the indicated mutant complexes (40 nM) to cyclical K63-Ub6 chains (20 µM-0 µM). Data points are mean ± SEM of two independent experiments carried out in technical duplicates. Dissociation constants (K d ) are indicated; CI, confidence interval. d, Representative images of WT or mutants BRCC36 IRIF in HT-29 cells 4 h post irradiation (10 Gy). Scale bar is 10 µm. e, Western blots showing BRCC36 protein levels in HT-29 cells reconstituted with WT or mutants BRCC36 as indicated (l eft ). Scatter plot showing quantification of the BRCC36 IRIF described in d . Data represent mean ± SEM derived from n ≥ 300 nuclei examined over two independent experiments; p values are indicated, unpaired two-tailed t test ( right ). f, K63-Ub2, -Ub4, and -Ub7 chains (1 µM) were incubated with ARISC WT or ARISC Δ42-55 (Abraxas1 Δ42-55) (5 nM) for up to 60 minutes. Cleavage activity was analysed as in a . Data are representative of two independent experiments. DUB, deubiquitylating enzyme; WT, wild type; Ub, ubiquitin.

    Article Snippet: Reactions were stopped with the addition of 3 μL 4x SDS-PAGE loading dye [240 mM Tris-HCl pH 6.8, 40% (v/v) glycerol, 8% (w/v) SDS, 0.04% (w/v) bromophenol blue, and 5% (v/v) β-Mercaptoethanol], and products were separated on 4-12% or 12% Nu-PAGE Bis-Tris gels (Invitrogen).

    Techniques: Incubation, Activity Assay, SDS Page, Silver Staining, Binding Assay, Mutagenesis, Irradiation, Western Blot, Derivative Assay, Two Tailed Test, Ubiquitin Proteomics